{"id":9170,"date":"2026-03-31T08:37:56","date_gmt":"2026-03-31T08:37:56","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/proespacio.tedae.org\/?p=9170"},"modified":"2026-03-31T08:37:58","modified_gmt":"2026-03-31T08:37:58","slug":"artemis-ii-la-nueva-era-de-la-exploracion-lunar","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/proespacio.tedae.org\/en\/artemis-ii-la-nueva-era-de-la-exploracion-lunar\/","title":{"rendered":"Artemis II, a new era of lunar exploration"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The goal of Artemis is to \u2018lead an innovative and sustainable exploration program with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion throughout the solar system and bring new knowledge and opportunities back to Earth\u2019\u201d<\/blockquote>\n<\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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When NASA announced<\/b> the launch of the Artemis programme in 2017, the iconic words with which President Kennedy summarised Apollo \u2014 \u201cWe choose to go to the Moon. Not because it is easy, but because it is hard\u201d \u2014 once again became the foundation of ambitions that, as then, seem extraordinary.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tArtemis aims to \u201clead an innovative and sustainable exploration programme with commercial and international partners to enable human expansion throughout the solar system and bring new knowledge and opportunities back to Earth.\u201d\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Apollo clearly demonstrated the importance of investing in such programmes\u2014not only because of their multiplier effect on investment (estimated at nearly eightfold), but also due to their role in driving innovation leadership in a geostrategic domain such as Space and transforming the entire industrial fabric.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Artemis, however, is not an exclusively US project, as Apollo initially was, but rather the consolidation of a new cooperative model. It brings together more than 30 countries and hundreds of companies worldwide.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tWhile led by NASA, it includes major contributions from other agencies such as the European Space Agency (ESA), the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA), and the Canadian Space Agency (CSA). For the first time, lunar exploration is conceived as a global industrial collaboration framework, where technology, knowledge, and capabilities are shared to build something greater than the sum of its parts.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The journey from 2017 to the upcoming Artemis II mission\u2014the programme\u2019s first crewed flight\u2014has been gradual and extraordinarily complex.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Artemis I, launched in November 2022, marked the first major milestone: an uncrewed mission that tested the performance of the Space Launch System (SLS) and the Orion spacecraft, designed to carry astronauts beyond Earth orbit. Over 25 days, the mission successfully demonstrated, among other aspects, the robustness of both SLS and Orion in the lunar environment, as well as the reliability of re-entry at speeds exceeding 40,000 km\/h.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAs ESA\u2019s then Director of Human and Robotic Exploration, David Parker, stated: \u201cThe success of the first Artemis mission further strengthens the international cooperation that will take us to the Moon. We can now place our confidence in the upcoming Artemis missions.\u201d\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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From that point onward, an extensive phase of review, validation, and system upgrades began\u2014typical of any human spaceflight programme\u2014bringing us closer to Artemis II. This mission will consist of a lunar flyby without landing, yet its importance is critical: it will mark the first time since 1972 that humans travel so far from Earth, and the first real operational test of all Orion life-support systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t The four-member crew will test communications, life support, navigation, and return manoeuvres.\nAccording to a recent NASA announcement, Artemis III has been brought forward to 2027 and will initially operate in Earth orbit to test docking between Orion and the lunar lander. By 2028, two missions\u2014Artemis IV and Artemis V\u2014are planned with the objective of achieving a human return to the lunar surface.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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<\/span>Why Return to the Moon? \n<\/b>The next giant leap for Humanity<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tExploring Space is not only about looking at the stars\u2014it is about finding solutions for our own planet. The Moon presents an hostile environment, with extreme temperatures and constant radiation. Surviving there requires the development of cutting-edge technologies in medicine, robotics, and energy systems.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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<\/span>The Artemis mission architecture is based on the principle of \u201cliving off the land\u201d: using lunar ice to produce water and oxygen, and lunar regolith to build shelters. Artemis II will be the first crewed mission of this new era to orbit the Moon, validating the life-support systems that will soon enable humans not only to return\u2014but to remain\u2014on the lunar surface. \n<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tJust as early Space missions drove the development of modern computing, Artemis aims to advance technologies such as water recycling, air purification, and vertical agriculture. On the Moon, zero waste is not an environmental choice but a survival requirement. These innovations could play a key role in enabling a more efficient circular economy on Earth. Scientifically, the Moon is also a \u201ctime capsule.\u201d With no atmosphere or erosion, its surface preserves the history of the solar system.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tStudying lunar rocks provides insights into how our planet formed and the conditions under which life emerged. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe ultimate objective of Artemis is not simply to leave footprints and return, but to establish a sustained human presence that will serve as a stepping stone for future missions to Mars. \t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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The aim of the Artemis missions is to learn how to \u201clive off the land\u201d\u201d<\/blockquote>\n<\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Artemis II <\/b>making history again<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tAfter more than half a century, humanity is once again venturing beyond Earth orbit. Astronauts Reid Wiseman, Victor Glover, Christina Koch, and Jeremy Hansen will embark on Artemis II, a ten-day mission that represents the decisive step toward returning humans to the Moon.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe mission profile includes the following phases:\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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Day 1:<\/strong>
Following separation from the launch vehicle, the priority is deploying the solar arrays to generate power. Shortly afterwards, astronauts will take manual control of the spacecraft to perform a proximity operations demonstration, piloting the 25-tonne vehicle to validate its manoeuvrability in space.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Days 2 to 5:<\/strong>
During the outbound journey, the crew will conduct medical and emergency simulations. By day five, the Moon\u2019s gravitational influence becomes dominant, indicating entry into its sphere of influence.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Day 6:<\/strong>
The spacecraft will pass behind the Moon, temporarily losing communications with Earth. At this distance, the Moon will appear through the window as a basketball-sized object within reach.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Days 7 to 10:<\/strong>
During the return journey at speeds approaching 40,000 km\/h, the crew will rehearse procedures to shelter from potential solar flares using onboard equipment.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Day 10:<\/strong>
Before atmospheric re-entry, the service module separates. The Orion capsule endures temperatures up to 2,500\u00b0C before deploying parachutes and splashing down in the Pacific Ocean.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Humanity is once again venturing beyond Earth\u2019s orbit\u201d<\/blockquote>\n<\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tSpain\u2019s Contribution to <\/b>Artemis II\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThe true \u201cbrain\u201d behind astronaut survival aboard Orion carries Spanish engineering. The Thermal Control Units (TCUs), fully designed and manufactured by Airbus in Tres Cantos (Madrid), represent Spain\u2019s contribution to the mission.\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t
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<\/span>Installed in the European Service Module\u2014ESA\u2019s key contribution to Orion\u2014these units continuously regulate internal temperatures against the extreme conditions of deep space, reaching as low as \u2212270\u00b0C. Despite weighing only 11 kg, the system controls 140 heaters, 12 valves, a coolant pump, 250 temperature sensors, and 50 pressure and level sensors, ensuring a habitable environment for the crew. <\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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This contribution marks a milestone for Spain, as it is the first time a Spanish company provides a critical onboard element for a US human spaceflight mission.\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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In addition to Airbus Crisa, other Spanish companies such as HV Sistemas and GMV have played key roles. HV Sistemas has developed test benches for the Consumables Storage Subsystem (CSS) of the European Service Module and supplied equipment for both unit-level and system-level testing of the TCU and thermal control systems.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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GMV has contributed to requirements definition and systems engineering, including the development of mission anomaly management tools\u2014essential for detecting and resolving in-flight issues.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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Spain, through the expertise of companies such as Airbus Crisa, HV Sistemas, GMV, and ALTER has demonstrated that its industry is at the forefront of this new era\u201d<\/p><\/blockquote><\/figure>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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GMV also trained astronauts in Houston on ESA\u2019s EveryWear system and will support real-time mission operations from ground control.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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ALTER has contributed directly to this mission through its involvement in the European Space Module, taking responsibility for the supply of critical electronic components, as well as the related engineering activities and laboratory testing programmes. This work has been essential to meeting the strict quality and reliability requirements for space systems designed to carry people.<\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t

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\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\tThrough companies such as Airbus Crisa, HV Sistemas, GMV and ALTER Spain has demonstrated that its industry stands at the forefront of this new era of exploration. When Orion splashes down after orbiting the Moon, it will not only bring back four astronauts\u2014it will confirm that humanity, working together, can turn what is \u201chard\u201d into the next great milestone in our history.\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Con Artemis se busca \u201cliderar un programa innovador y sostenible de exploraci\u00f3n con socios comerciales e internacionales para permitir la expansi\u00f3n humana por todo el sistema solar y traer de vuelta a la Tierra nuevos conocimientos y oportunidades\u201d\u201d Cuando la NASA anunci\u00f3 en 2017 la puesta en marcha del programa Artemis, aquellas famosas palabras con<\/p>","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":9172,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_jetpack_memberships_contains_paid_content":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[30],"tags":[273,269,84,274],"class_list":{"0":"post-9170","1":"post","2":"type-post","3":"status-publish","4":"format-standard","5":"has-post-thumbnail","7":"category-reportaje","8":"tag-header-no62","9":"tag-no62","10":"tag-reportaje","11":"tag-reportaje-no62"},"yoast_head":"\nArtemis II, la nueva era de la exploraci\u00f3n lunar - PROESPACIO<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"No te pierdas la revista n\u00ba 57 de espacio, todo sobre la Agencia Espacial Espa\u00f1ola.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/proespacio.tedae.org\/en\/artemis-ii-la-nueva-era-de-la-exploracion-lunar\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_GB\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Artemis II, la nueva era de la exploraci\u00f3n lunar - 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